The valuation system: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. Dynamic fluctuations in dopamine efflux in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens during risk-based decision making. Prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in exploration and exploitation. Different kinetics govern dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and striatum: an in vivo voltammetric study. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine. Ultrafast neuronal imaging of dopamine dynamics with designed genetically encoded sensors. Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons. Dopamine neuron activity before action initiation gates and invigorates future movements. Midbrain dopamine neurons encode decisions for future action. Morris, G., Nevet, A., Arkadir, D., Vaadia, E. Action initiation shapes mesolimbic dopamine encoding of future rewards. Prolonged dopamine signalling in striatum signals proximity and value of distant rewards. Phasic mesolimbic dopamine signaling precedes and predicts performance of a self-initiated action sequence task. Dopamine operates as a subsecond modulator of food seeking. Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking. Dopamine neurons create Pavlovian conditioned stimuli with circuit-defined motivational properties. Mesolimbic dopamine signals the value of work. A causal link between prediction errors, dopamine neurons and learning. Neuron-type-specific signals for reward and punishment in the ventral tegmental area. Dopamine cells respond to predicted events during classical conditioning: evidence for eligibility traces in the reward-learning network. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Our results suggest a fundamental difference in how dopamine release is regulated to achieve distinct functions: broadcast burst signals promote learning, whereas local control drives motivation. However, NAc core dopamine release also covaried with dynamically evolving reward expectations, without corresponding changes in VTA dopamine cell spiking. Cues that indicate an upcoming reward increased both spiking and release. Here we compare spiking of identified VTA dopamine cells with NAc dopamine release in the same decision-making task. This mismatch might reflect differences in behavioural tasks, slower changes in dopamine cell spiking or spike-independent modulation of dopamine release. By contrast, dopamine release ramps up as animals approach rewards, mirroring reward expectation. Dopamine cell spiking can encode prediction errors, which are vital learning signals in computational theories of adaptive behaviour. How dopamine supports both functions is unclear. The dopamine projection from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) is critical for motivation to work for rewards and reward-driven learning.
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